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hello my name is maria and i'm a second

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year phd student at montana state

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university at dr boyle lab

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and i'm going to be talking about

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probing the relationship between food

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mixing biodiversity and productivity in

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yellowstone hot springs

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to talk about that we need to first

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visit early earth and early live

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metabolic pathways so i know that all

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this evidence for life and lands in a

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hydrogen

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environment dating back to 3.5 years ago

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over here i'm bringing a timeline of

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earth history with for

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with the time in billions of years on

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the y-axis

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and then oxygen concentrations on the

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x-axis here

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and i've highlighted the period of the

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time of only earth that we think

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increased volcanic activity was

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happening and that is important because

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volcanoes are speeding chemical forms of

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energy

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that microbes can use for their

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metabolic pathways

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so i know that on early earth this life

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was

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very likely based on chemosynthesis and

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that's also

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true for the primary production since

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that was the uh the likely pathway

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happening

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so we know that uh since the beginning

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of our history

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life was chemosynthetic and of course

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that changed when life

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figure out how to use sunlight to then

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be able to do photosynthesis

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and that changed our surface and

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atmosphere a lot

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however what i really want to point out

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here is that chemosynthesis was

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happening since the beginning

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and is still happening until this day so

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of course photosynthesis has taken over

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a lot of this primary production

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responsibility however we can still find

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environments to study chemosynthetic

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primary productivity that is not only on

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the deep sea

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or on dark environments so we kind of

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have can

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travel back in time when we visit hot

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springs modern hot springs can be seen

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as this model that allows us for

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investigating this chemosynthetic base

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productivity

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in the absence of photosynthesis because

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in hot springs we have a

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inhibition of photosynthesis based on ph

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we can see here on the y-axis on the end

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temperature we can see here on the

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on the x-axis so on the with the white

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square

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genes are absent which means that this

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primary productivity

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in this environment here is based on

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chemosynthesis

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so when we go to a hot spring we can cut

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we can kind of travel back in time

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as we increase in temperature and

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decreasing ph

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uh so we know that for example in some

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really hot hot spring spools this

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primary productivity is based on

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chemosynthesis

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so why is that important well in macro

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ecology biodiversity and productivity

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relationships has been extensively

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studied

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so we see that for example when three

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species regions increase the

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productivity

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also increases in a positive

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relationship

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in microbial ecology however all of this

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relationship has been probed in

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environments that are based on

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photosynthesis as well

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just like macroecology so we see some

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different types of relationships they're

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not always positive relationships we

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have other types of relationships that

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happen between biodiversity

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and productivity here those measurements

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are

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generally based on this in

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indirect measure or chlorophyll um and

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we can then see

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that we have different relationships

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however there is a lack of research on

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biodiversity and productivity

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relationship

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that is solely based on chemosynthesis

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so because of that we might think well

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how can we approach that question

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and what can help promote biodiversity

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for chemosynthetic

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environments so we know uh and we

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hypothesized that

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for chemosynthesis since they are based

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on the availability of nutrients or

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different chemical

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energy sources present on the

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environment we might hypothesize them

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more redux pairs

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which means more nutrients will mean

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more niche space

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which might support a higher

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biodiversity so a quick way to see this

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in bringing already that you have hot

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springs here

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is that for example when a hot spring

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one where we have

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three different uh redox pairs and is a

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reduced environment where there is no

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oxygen present if we have three

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different niche spaces here

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we might support three different species

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in a very simple way to

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show this in opposite idea if we have an

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oxidized spring where we can have two

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different niche spaces here

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we might support two species however if

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you mix

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these two environments so if you have a

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hot spring that is mixed

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we will have a higher range of niche

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spaces which might support

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more species which will mean that that's

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increased biodiversity

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which might promote primary production

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so i hypothesize that in yellowstone

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national park hot springs

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the increased fluid mixing sourcing

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those waters

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might increase the availability of

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nutrients which means more redox pairs

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that will increase them from

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biodiversity and that would then

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increase primary productivity

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so yellowstone national park hosts the

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largest hydrothermal system on earth

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is also very close to us here in montana

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which makes it very suitable

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uh environment to research on it has

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more than ten thousand pure thermal

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features and they have a wide range of

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your chemistry

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which allow us to uh really understand

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how this environment

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might be uh promoting biodiversity

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so yellowstone natural park has a really

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interesting way of the ph distribution

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it is a bi-molded distribution uh that

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is based on the subsurface processes

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happening there that i'm not gonna have

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time to explain

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but what's important here to see is that

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uh hot springs in yellowstone have

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this bimodal ph of acidic of less

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ph less than four and we have high

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sulfate and low

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chloride which is on those hot springs

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and we also have more neutral to

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alkaline hot springs

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uh higher than six which have more

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uh more chloride than sulfate so we can

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use

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sulfite and chloride ratios to aid in

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understanding the water sourcing your

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fluid mixing patterns of hot springs

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another way to visualize this is

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spotting that in a in a

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sulfate chloride ratio so you can see

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here that low sulfate low chloride means

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that these waters come

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from rainfall and snow melt and then we

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see when you have high chloride

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and kind of medium sulfate here those

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come from the aquifer

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some the deep hydrothermal aquifer

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of yellowstone and of course you can

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have gas input there

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which is going to increase the sulfate

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and then we also have a lot of mixing

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happen

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in um in between all of these n members

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over here

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so we see that mixing is quite important

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now some hot springs

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and so i went to then um pursue my

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objectives with this

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hypothesis which was characterizing the

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fluid mixing regime of selected hot

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springs

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and characterizing the microbial

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community biodiversity

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and quantifying the microbial community

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primary productivity

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i'm not going to have time to give you

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the methods but

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we can have questions being answered

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by email later on so we chose hot

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springs

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um that is called the roadside and this

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is a model system already characterized

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by lindsay at all

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in their model system because they have

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these two by this bi-mode of

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distribution of hot springs

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with roadside west being a hydrothermal

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only with ph

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more than six temperatures around 70.

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we have roadside east which is acidic

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hot spring

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with increased temperature however we

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have this third hot spring that hasn't

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been fully characterized

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and his name is rosa nor you will see

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that

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the temperatures is also very hot but

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the ph is at 5.1

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which falls outside of our bimodal

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distribution so i just put an

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interrogation point there because we

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don't

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fully know how is um being influenced by

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the which type of

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mixing regime so that was my first

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objective and i'm just going to bring

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you here that plot of sulfate and

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chloride again

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and plot my hot springs in here so we

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can understand the water sourcing

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so we see that roadside west on the

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triangle here indeed is a hydrothermal

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only water sourcing

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high chloride low sulfate ratios rosette

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is

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spring

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with low with high sulfate and low

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chloride

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and then with zero cyanide actually

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falls really close to rho side ease

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which doesn't fully make sense since the

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ph is quite different at 5.1

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so when we look at the gas um dissolved

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gas quantification in these hot springs

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we then start to understand a little bit

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more so on the y-axis we have

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methane hydrogen and co2

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and on the y-axis we have our hot

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springs we see the roadside west and

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roadside east

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they have you know this low range of gas

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which is normal

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but most of the springs in yellowstone

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but when we see roadside north that is

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very striking that rosy north receives a

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lot of gas

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so we call this hot spring meteoric

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meteorite plus gas

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plus more gas being input in this hot

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spring

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so a lot of gas and that makes sense

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when we visit our map again and i'll

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show you that there is a trimmer roll

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right across roadside north so that

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means that rosanna

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is in this line of this gas input and

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then this ph is likely being buffered by

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the co2 bicarbonate

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system and then we can then

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conclude that rho cyanide is the result

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of extensive food mixing

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when in comparison to the other two hot

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springs

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so how does that affect the biodiversity

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we can see here that

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our meta genome assembled genomes

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relative abundance

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really show a difference as well so when

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we see world sideways on planktonic and

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sediment communities

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we have um only a few

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species here um with one species being

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more dominant

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and those are all bacteria when we look

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around side east

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uh we could only have dna for the

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planktonic community and not settlement

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but we see the same trend where one one

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species is more dominant

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and then when we see and then it's

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archaea based when we several side nor

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both planktonic and sediment communities

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uh more evenly distributed

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uh bonuses and they have a mix of

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bacteria and archaea

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so that means that when we look at more

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in detail

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a statistic analysis of diversity such

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as symptom index

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we see that roadside north has more

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biodiversity

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when we look at the genomic diversity we

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did the

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analysis called non-parallel diversity

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and we see the rural side north

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it is again more diverse so

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uh we see here that this is a whole

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metagenomic analysis so not just

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the genomes that will assemble into max

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and this gives you a full picture of the

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meta genome and show us that

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a rosanna is more diverse when we then

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see the primary

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productivity uh using 14c

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bicarbonate label assays

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we also see the same thing so primary

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productivity is higher

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in rose side north than rose side west

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and east for both planktonic and

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sediment communities

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so in conclusion i saw that rural sainor

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is more

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has more fluid mixing it is also

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more taxonomic and more genomic diverse

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and that means and that the primary

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productivity there is also

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higher than the other two hot springs

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here are some

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future work but i need to finalize

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functional diversity analysis

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and maybe test my hypothesis in a larger

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sample size

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while holding the temperature constant

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since that could have some influence